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Lotka-Volterra equation(LVE) describes an ecological predator-prey model which assumes a set of fixed positive constants. A (the growth rate of prey), B (the rate at which predators destroy prey), C (the death rate of predators), and D (the rate at which predators increase by consuming prey).
The following conditions were given in the equation.
(1) A prey population x increases at a rate dx = Axdt (proportional to the number of prey) but simultaneously preys are destroyed by the predators at a rate dx = Bxydt (proportional to the numbers of prey and predators).
(2) A predator population y decreases at a rate dy = Cydt (proportional to the number of predators), but increases at a rate dy = Dx ydt (again proportional to the product of the numbers of prey and predators).&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/Prey_and_Predator_relationship_5b2f4b60f7.PNG" alt="Prey and Predator relationship" />
Fig.: Prey and Predator relationship.
Note: Prey are shown in bold in the graphs and predators are unbold. Thus the prey curve always leads to the predator curve.
This gives two coupled differential equations:-&nbsp;&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/deferential_equations_8b4c15bb5f.PNG" alt="deferential equations" />
Critical points are attained when
dx/dt = dy/dt = O, so
A &ndash; By = 0
&ndash; C + Dn = 0
The sole stationary point is therefore located at (x, y) = (C/D, A/B).
<h2>Interspecific Relation and Lotka Voltera Curves:-</h2>
When a species of prey increases the number of the individuals of predator species also increases. When predators increase drastically in number then prey starts to become extinct fast.
If prey decreases then predators also start to decrease so finally they make equilibrium in their population size or number as shown in the graph.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/predator_and_prey_population_equilibrium_9af00321ae.PNG" alt="predator and prey population equilibrium" />
Graph:- predator and prey population equilibrium.
Lotka-Volterra model contains the relationship between two species, one is the predator and another is prey. It involves differential equations of the dynamics of both populations (Predator-prey, parasite-host, or herbivore-plant). It was developed independently by Alfred Lotka and Vito Voltera.
The model simplifies several assumptions. In those assumptions, some are given below:-
(1) The prey population will grow exponentially when the predator is absent.
(2) The predator population decreases in the absence of the prey's population.
(3) Both of the species make an equilibrium to maintain their population size.
(4) There is no environment complexity i.e. both populations are moving randomly through a homogenous environment.
(5) In the Lotka Volterra equation, Intrinsic growth rate (r), competition co-efficient (d), and carrying (k) all are constants.
(6) Every individual within each population is identical.
(7) The population is not allowed to diversity.
(8) The environment (habitats) is homogenous.
Lotka Volterra Equation is written as follows for population first.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/Lotka_Voltera_Equation_75c44318b7.PNG" alt="Lotka Voltera Equation" />
r = intrinsic rate constant for population first
N1 = Initial number of the population one
N2 = Initial number of population second
&alpha; = Inhibitory effect of species second on species first (a parasite on the host)
The equation for population 2&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/Equation_for_population_2_26bca4c575.PNG" alt="Equation for population 2" />
&beta;&nbsp;= Inhibitory effect of species first on species second
By Lotka Volterra equations it is predicted that both competing species will co-exist or one of them eliminated or not eliminated. So a total of four cases is possible.
Case 1:- Species two will be eliminated.
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/Species_two_will_be_eliminated_32a279988a.PNG" alt="Species two will be eliminated" />
In the above figure, two isoclines do not cross and isocline of population. N1&nbsp;is above N2 any point located below N2&nbsp;isocline represents the co-existence of both populations of species and indicates the increase of both populations. Any point located above N1 isocline represents both species are decreasing. So K1 /&alpha; is more than K2. Hence&nbsp;&alpha;&nbsp;will be less. K2&nbsp;/&beta;&nbsp;will be less than K1&nbsp;so&nbsp;&beta; will be more so species second will be affected more from species first. Hence species second will be eliminated.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/1_3b23bc0111.PNG" alt="" />
&beta; is more = so, the Inhibitory effect of species first on species second will be more and it will be eliminated.
Case - 2:&ndash; Species first will be eliminated.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/1_93763dbb97.PNG" alt="" />
In the above figure, two isoclines do not cross and the isocline of population N2&nbsp;is above N1&nbsp;any point located below N1 isocline represents the co-existence of both populations of species and indicates the increase of both populations. Any point located above the N2 isocline represents both species are decreasing. So, K2 is more than K1&nbsp;/&alpha;. Hence&nbsp;&alpha;&nbsp;will be more. K1&nbsp;will be less than K2&nbsp;/&beta;&nbsp;so&nbsp;&alpha; will be more, so species first will be affected more from species second. Hence, species first will be eliminated.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/1_f196c0ccb3.PNG" alt="" />
Case&ndash;3:- Either of the species can be eliminated.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/Either_of_the_species_can_be_eliminated_a860e1772b.PNG" alt="Either of the species can be eliminated" />
In the above figure, two isoclines cross each other. In one isocline, K2 is more than K1/&alpha;. So&nbsp;&alpha;&nbsp;is more than&nbsp;&beta;&nbsp;hence, K1 will be less so species one can be eliminated. In another isocline, K1 is more than K2/&beta;.&nbsp;&beta;&nbsp;is also more, so K2 will be more. Hence, species two can also be eliminated.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/1_6ad748ec46.PNG" alt="" />
&alpha; is more = so, Inhibitory effect of species second on species first will be more so, species first can be eliminated.
&beta; is more = so, Inhibitory effect of species first on species second will be more so, species second can be eliminated.
Case&ndash;4:- Both Species coexist.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/1_d16dcbfceb.PNG" alt="" />
In the above figure, two isoclines cross each other. In one isocline, K1 is more than K2/&beta;.&nbsp;&beta;&nbsp;is zero here so K2 is more than K1. In the second isocline, K1/&alpha;&nbsp;is more than K2.&nbsp;&alpha;&nbsp;is zero here so K1 is more than K2 here. Hence&nbsp;&alpha;&nbsp;and&nbsp;&beta; both are affected. So both species can exist.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/1_43d0b4b6c6.PNG" alt="" />

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Lotka-Volterra equation(LVE) describes an ecological predator-prey model which assumes a set of fixed positive constants. 

Lotka-Voltera Equation | Interspecific Relation and Lotka-Voltera Curves

Lotka-Volterra equation(LVE) describes an ecological predator-prey model which assumes a set of fixed positive constants. Here we will discuss the Interspecific Relation and Lotka-Voltera Curves, Prey and Predator relationship etc. 

Lotka-Voltera Equation

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