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Transgenic plants contain genetic material (foreign or artificial) stably integrated into their genome that has been introduced by methods other than classical breeding &amp; thus is passed on the successive generations.
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">1. Methods of gene transfer in plants</h2>
There are two types of effective gene transfer to plants, the first is based on the use of Agrobacterium as a biological vector and the second is the direct gene transfer method.
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">1.1. Indirect gene transfer using Agrobacterium as a vector :</h3>
The Ti plasmid is present in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Agrobacterium is a naturally occurring, gram-negative bacteria. The tumefaciens and A rhizogenes are being considered natural genetic engineers.
A tumefaciens causes crown gall disease by tumefaciens, T-DNA into the host.
T-DNA's own size is 15-30kb; consists of 25 bp imperfect direct repeats necessary for trimmer and integration into a plant genome called Border sequences.
T-DNA codes for phytohormones and opines.
Opines are used as carbon &amp; nitrogen source and are catabolized by Agrobacterium.
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/Indirect_gene_transfer_using_Agrobacterium_as_vector_d1b2d07c2c.PNG" alt="Indirect gene transfer using Agrobacterium as vector " />
<h3>Genes required for transfer of T-DNA :</h3>
T-DNA transfer (polar process) initiates at the right border and terminates at the left border.
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/Genes_required_for_transfer_of_T_DNA_3bfdbc8cfc.PNG" alt="Genes required for transfer of T-DNA" />
Vir A (phosphorylated on histidine residues in response to auto syringe released by wounded plant cell).
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Phosphorylated group transfers to vir G on Asp residue which activates other viral genes.
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Ver B forms conjugate pilus.
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vir D2 makes T-DNA single stranded
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Vir E2 binds with ssDNA
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vir C binds the overdrive sequence near the right border and stimulates the transfer process.
Monocot plants as wheat, barley, rice, maize are generally resistant to Agrobacterium infection. Hence, for them, the direct method of gene transfer is used.
<h3 style="text-align: left;">1.2. Methods of direct gene transfer :</h3>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 93.4959%; height: 201.515px;" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.3906px;">
<td style="width: 27.4824%; height: 22.3906px;">Methods</td>
<td style="width: 72.5176%; height: 22.3906px; text-align: left;">Description</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.3906px;">
<td style="width: 27.4824%; height: 22.3906px;">Particle bombardment</td>
<td style="width: 72.5176%; height: 22.3906px;">Delivery of DNA into cells using microscopic gold or tungsten particles coated with DNA as carriers</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.3906px;">
<td style="width: 27.4824%; height: 22.3906px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 72.5176%; height: 22.3906px;">accelerated into target cells by gunpowder, gas, or air pressure or by electrical discharge.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.3906px;">
<td style="width: 27.4824%; height: 22.3906px;">Protoplast transformation</td>
<td style="width: 72.5176%; height: 22.3906px;">DNA introduction into protoplast using PEG-mediated DNA uptake and electroporation, liposome</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.3906px;">
<td style="width: 27.4824%; height: 22.3906px;">&nbsp;</td>
<td style="width: 72.5176%; height: 22.3906px;">&nbsp;(containing plasmid DNA) fusion.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.3906px;">
<td style="width: 27.4824%; height: 22.3906px;">Tissue electrophoration</td>
<td style="width: 72.5176%; height: 22.3906px;">Transformation of plant organs or regenerate cell cultures.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.3906px;">
<td style="width: 27.4824%; height: 22.3906px;">Ultrasound indexed transformation</td>
<td style="width: 72.5176%; height: 22.3906px;">DNA uptake into protoplasms, suspension all and tissues induced by ultrasound waves.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.3906px;">
<td style="width: 27.4824%; height: 22.3906px;">Laser-mediated transformation</td>
<td style="width: 72.5176%; height: 22.3906px;">Laser beams are used to create openings in cell components and opening allows DNA insertion.&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.3906px;">
<td style="width: 27.4824%; height: 22.3906px;">Microinjection</td>
<td style="width: 72.5176%; height: 22.3906px;">Direct delivery of DNA into plant cells using a microsyringe.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>2. Advantages of transgenic plants -</h2>
<h3>(1) Development of insect, virus, and herbicide-resistant plants.&nbsp;</h3>
Insecticidal resistance&nbsp; ⟶&nbsp; gene of bacterium Bacillus thuringiensisinserted in crop plants to that insect attempting to eat these plants are killed.&nbsp;
During sporulation in BT &amp; endotoxin protein (Cry I, II, III &amp; others) is a protoxin form
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ingestion by insects.
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activation due to proteolytic cleavage in the insect gut
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damage insect's gut's surface epithelium
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insect dies.
Virus resistant plants&nbsp; ⟶&nbsp;
1. Introduction of coat protein gene, antisense RNA approach, ribozyme mediated protection in tobacco, tomato, alfalfa, potato.&nbsp;
<img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://vediphlie-aws.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/Virus_resistant_plants_d4d571a63f.PNG" alt="Virus resistant plants" />
2. Development of stress-tolerant plant-like oxidative stress and salt stress.
3. Modification of plant nutritional content like amino acids, lipid, vitamin, iron. Ex. Golden rice enriched in provitamin A developed by introducing 3 genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoid, the precursor of Vit A.
4. Plants as bioreactors for the production of antibodies, polymers, etc.
(a) Plant bodies&nbsp; ⟶ Monoclonal antibodies synthesized in transgenic plants.
(b) Edible Vaccines&nbsp; ⟶ &nbsp;Promote production of specific antibodies by the human immune system once the vaccine is administered to the patient.
(c) Polymer Polyhydroxybutyrate&nbsp; ⟶ used to make biodegradable plastic-like material.
5. Delayed ripening&nbsp; ⟶ &nbsp;Tomatoes have been engineered so that express less polygalacturonase enzyme i.e. involved in fruit ripening. Flavr &ndash; savr is the trademark for these tomatoes.
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">3. Molecular Farming -</h2>
Application of genetic engineering in which genes of animal or human origin are introduced into plants or farm animals for cost-effective production of therapeutic products such as antibodies, blood products, hormones, etc.

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Transgenic plants are plants into which one or more genes from another species have been introduced into the genome, using genetic engineering processes.

Transgenic Plants | Methods of Gene Transfer in Plants

Transgenic plants are plants into which one or more genes from another species have been introduced into the genome, using genetic engineering processes. Here we will cover different methods of Gene transfer in Plants. 

Transgenic Plants

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